/MC0 129 0 R >> charts developments since the 1988 Act and calls for a Royal Commission to undertake a root-and-branch investigation into the politicisation of education. 23 0 obj endobj /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page >> /StructParents 67 /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /Contents 245 0 R /ExtGState << /TT2 226 0 R 58 0 obj >> << /TT1 121 0 R /Contents 249 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. /Prev 113 0 R /MC0 129 0 R << /Contents 298 0 R >> Prior to the 1980s it was the Local Education Authorities which allocated pupils to schools in their local areas, and it was the Local Education Authorities which decided school numbers. The Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA) is regarded by many as the most important piece of legislation since the Education Act 1994. >> << /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 17 0 R 27 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /StructParents 59 100 0 obj /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R 0000008485 00000 n >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 159 0 R /Font << /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 12 0 R >> /StructParents 58 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market plus back-door selection and even corruption, School market supporters argue the case for the defence. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page The Middle Classes have more effective choice because of their higher incomes, The Middle classes have more effective choice because of their greater cultural and social capital, Schools become more selective they are more likely to want pupils who are likely to do well. >> /TT2 226 0 R /Parent 16 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 88 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The idea behind league tables was to allow parents to easily assess which schools in their local areas are the best. /StructParents 33 >> << /GS0 125 0 R /EmbeddedFiles 20 0 R /TT0 120 0 R 91 0 obj >> /Contents 225 0 R /Resources << 64 0 obj /Properties << /StructParents 27 /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] A considerable area of cultivable waste land and private forests . /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Parent 16 0 R Did the schools market deliver?, which looks back at the 30 years since the passage of the 1988 act. 0000001551 00000 n 102 0 obj The Government aims to make schooling available to everyone with the help of NEP 2020. /Contents 268 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /Parent 12 0 R /TT0 120 0 R Specifically, it highlights the complexity of the development and 'implementation' of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) and addresses the issues of . >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << The advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned land reforms are as follows: Abolition of intermediaries: The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. /TT0 120 0 R >> The ERA - known as the Butler Act - celebrated 30 years of being on the statute books in July 2018. /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /Contents 234 0 R He is more guarded about the overall success of the market experiment: I would give it six out of 10. /Properties << . /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 226 0 R >> >> The Tory minister Oliver Letwin once said he would rather beg than send his children there. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> The school you go to still depends on where you live we see parents swapping council houses to come here. /Contents 290 0 R /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] >> >> /Contents 291 0 R >> /Resources << /Resources << /Rotate 0 /TT3 159 0 R 4 The agreement reduced and eliminated tariffs. /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /Properties << 17 0 obj x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX >> endobj /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page >> More limited claims for the thesis are posited. 96 0 obj Parental choice directly affects the school budget every extra pupil means extra money for the school. /Resources << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The best schools become oversubscribed often with four or more pupils competing for each place. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> 116 0 obj The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. >> /Rotate 0 /Properties << education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). >> /Font << >> /Parent 3 0 R The chains have over-expanded and it often becomes more about the preservation of the trust than about the pupils. endobj >> /Author (Tuomo Ruotanen) Children can go to school with their childhood friends. The head, Gary Phillips, has turned the school around. /Rotate 0 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 51 0 obj /Type /Pages /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << endobj /Parent 9 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << /GS0 125 0 R Education Reform Act (Pardini, 2005). /Font << /StructParents 44 /ExtGState << /TT1 226 0 R << /Contents 252 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << When Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] How do I view content? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 121 0 R For instance, public policy decisions can be made by looking at decreasing state-administered tests in public schools if deficiencies in a particular subject are patent. endobj /TT2 159 0 R >> >> Following ARE THE Advantaged and Disadvantaged of New Education Policy 2020. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << << >> /LastModified (D:20040616154335) The aim of OFSTED is to drive up standards. >> 71 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R endobj >> /Resources << >> 43 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 220 0 R endobj 84 0 obj /Parent 15 0 R 0000009252 00000 n /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /Contents 221 0 R /Font << /Title >> /TT1 121 0 R /Type /Pages >> >> /Type /Page The Best For My Child. The Education Reform Act ( 1988) (ERA) sets education within the context of the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils and of society. /MC0 129 0 R The education reform movement as we have known it is over. endobj 0000003188 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Like Tony Blair 60 years later, the authors of the 1944 Act - this time definitely including Butler - took the view that religious education was a public good, whose responsibility should be shared between state-run and religious schools, and they legislated an unevenly balanced 'dual system' to accommodate it, apparently indefinitely. /Rotate 0 %PDF-1.3 % endobj << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /Title 87 0 obj /Type /Page >> >> /StructParents 77 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Dest [24 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << << >> /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /TT2 159 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R 6 0 obj endobj >> >> From 1988 funding to individual schools was based on how many pupils enrolled in that school. /F3 122 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R << >> 0000005213 00000 n /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << endobj 20 0 obj /Type /Page /First 113 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> endobj >> /C2_0 232 0 R stream /StructParents 85 << /Type /Page >> endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page The idea is particularly associated with policies inspired by the New Right and with the Education Reform . /Contents 272 0 R << /StructParents 73 >> /MC0 129 0 R H[F)NR/RgaUZU-eI|a c;93mo2w7D!E7>yO0OO8^i0&20*)D1$(Q6AK:;ZX#O85c(DgvXNh, The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences. /Parent 11 0 R /TT2 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /SubType /HF /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << From a Neoliberal and New Right perspective the above is fundamentally flawed logic as it means that successful schools which are attracting more pupils are subsidising worse performing schools and so the 1988 Act required that LEASs hand over their money directly to schools based on pupil numbers (formula funding) which removed the power of LEAs to control local budgets. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] because classrooms contain students of all abilities, brighter pupils are held-back as the weaker learners catch-up, a problem critics says grammar schools don't have. /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to understand and evaluate within the education module for A-level sociology. /Font << /Prev 308 0 R >> >> /Parent 17 0 R /ExtGState << 34 0 obj >> /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << Because so many people do not have an education, when they get older, it is damaging their life and the world as a whole. endobj /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << But performance measures (such as the new Progress 8) have now become impenetrable to most parents so may not even be helpful for exercising choice. 0000002642 00000 n /Font << /Properties << OFSTED Raised standard because a poor inspection could result in new management being imposed on underperforming schools. >> 0000000994 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R >> The tripartite system of secondary education, implemented in the 1944 Act, offered three types of education after the age of 11: grammar schools for the most able, >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) /ExtGState << /Resources << This means that these schools can, Building on the above example The next best school then skims off the next best students and so on until the worst schools at the bottom just end up with the pupils who no one wants. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << /Type /Page /Contents 131 0 R 104 0 obj The unease Phillips voices about the market reforms came through interviews with many of the key players in recent education reform. >> The main impact of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 is in establishing a Supreme Court as the highest appeal court. /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 3 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Parent 2 0 R /TT0 120 0 R Thirty years on we may be ready for another all-encompassing Education Reform Act. << /ExtGState << >> endobj /Type /Page >> /MC0 129 0 R 0000004437 00000 n Competition & choice - Advantages-Gives parents a choice - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING) Disadvantages - Not all parents have choice (BALL) - The best schools are over-subscribed. /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /ExtGState << >> >> /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /Properties << /Properties << 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R The twentieth anniversary of the 1988 Education Reform Act [1] provides an opportunity to assess two decades of unprecedented political centralisation of education in the United Kingdom. /TT0 120 0 R << To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. << /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 251 0 R /Resources << /StructParents 39 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 10 0 R /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) /Contents 284 0 R /ExtGState << Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Advantages & disadvantages of The education reform act 1988. What the sociologists call the parentocracy doesnt really exist in places where there are two rather than 20 local schools.. /MC0 129 0 R 114 0 obj << /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /ExtGState << >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page endobj >> /GS0 125 0 R /Metadata 6 0 R /StructParents 18 /ExtGState << endobj /Rotate 0 As a result, the basic structure of our standing education system was instituted. << << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 107 0 obj >> >> << /Properties << /Rotate 0 >> /StructParents 1 >> 2 0 obj 22 0 obj /Contents 222 0 R << >> stream /GS0 125 0 R If the states in the U.S. are in charge of setting their own standards of education, then it creates a system where every territory, district, and legislature could set their own expectations for curriculum development. /Resources << /Properties << Learn how your comment data is processed. /TT0 120 0 R << /Properties << >> >> >> endobj >> The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. >> The 1988 Conservative Education Reform Act established the National Curriculum, the main advantage as cited in Haralambos & Holborn, (2000), was that it set a consistent standard across the country, in an attempt to promote equality. << /Contents 230 0 R 82 0 obj However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Rotate 0 /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 13 0 R Finally, the principle of competition has been applied internationally, in the form of the PISA league tables. /TT1 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page endobj /Contents 266 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R << >> >> And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. >> /Parent 17 0 R >> endobj /TT0 120 0 R % /TT2 226 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] We use cookies to improve your website experience. /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> >> /Contents 301 0 R Barely 10% of its pupils achieved five good GCSEs and attendance was chronically low. /Prev 18 0 R /Contents 300 0 R /Properties << >> /Contents 270 0 R >> /Last 19 0 R endobj >> /Count 10 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> Private schools have always operated on these principles they charge fees and compete with each other for customers. /GS0 125 0 R A number of education policies and reforms, especially those brought in as part of the 1988 Educational Reform Act, looked to create a market in state education. 0000002452 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R advantages through choice policies' (1995, p. 21). /Count 10 Societies benefit as well. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R >> /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R >> >> Which type of school you ended up attending was decided by the 11+ examination, as ever this process had its advantages as well as its disadvantages: Advantages the brightest 15% - 20% went to grammar schools meaning /StructParents 70 Approximately . /PageElement << /TT0 120 0 R Their importance is reinforced by their place in the new inspection framework for schools which derives its . This is achieved through making schools compete with one another for pupils and government funding, in the same way in which businesses compete with each other for customers, sales and profits. /StructParents 64 >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj Three types of schools were established by 1944 Education Act - grammar schools; technical schools and secondary modern schools. /MarkedPDF << /ExtGState << /Parent 12 0 R /ExtGState << The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. 806 8067 22 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 0000006904 00000 n >> >> >> >> By Cyril John Barlongo. >> /ExtGState << /TT2 226 0 R /Properties << /StructParents 63 /Rotate 0 For example, if a school is guaranteed the 500 local children will attend their school their would be minimal competition between schools i.e. /ExtGState << endstream endobj 58 0 obj < :>x)/P -44/R 2/U($AA;KSE)/V 1>> endobj 59 0 obj <> endobj 60 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 62 0 obj <> endobj 63 0 obj <> endobj 64 0 obj <> endobj 65 0 obj [/ICCBased 83 0 R] endobj 66 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#20Red#20032#20C 65 0 R 84 0 R] endobj 67 0 obj <> endobj 68 0 obj <> endobj 69 0 obj <. >> /Parent 17 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 10 0 R >> /C2_0 292 0 R >> >> /Properties << /Properties << >> 110 0 obj /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /XObject << /StructParents 74 /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /Properties << >> /MC0 129 0 R 45 0 obj The League Tables give no indication of the wider social good a school is doing beyond getting students results. [29th July 1988] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- . /Title The idea of applying the market to something that isnt a market has bedevilled this policy from the start, says Phillips. << /Contents 287 0 R 0000019248 00000 n Schools that provide parents and pupils with what they want such as good exam results will thrive. /Type /Page /Font << Was the ERA a success or a failure? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj endobj The logic behind league tables was that with all schools following the same curriculum it made it easier for parents to compare and choose between schools (parentocracy), and GCSE and SATs meant every student, and more importantly, every school was assessed using the same type of exam. << /Parent 10 0 R /MC0 129 0 R endobj /First 18 0 R /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R /Outlines 3 0 R /Rotate 0 77 0 obj >> The students with disabilities, such as auditory processing . /Parent 15 0 R endobj endobj /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << /StructParents 87 /Contents [117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R] << >> endobj /Rotate 0 /Names [ 309 0 R] 33 0 obj /Contents 302 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Subtype /XML /MC0 129 0 R >> /StructParents 41 >> >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 14 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 /Resources << /Im1 126 0 R /Parent 10 0 R /Rotate 0 endobj >> /Font << << /ExtGState << endobj /Resources << /Type /Page /Properties << /StructParents 35 >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 12 0 R >> >> >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 24 /Resources << /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 Phillips, who seriously considered academy conversion for his school but decided to stay within Lambeth local authority, believes the innovative instincts behind the early academies have evaporated in the rush for mass academisation. /Parent 3 0 R /Count 10 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Those who get an education have higher incomes, have more opportunities in their lives, and tend to be healthier. Schools see middle class students as easy to teach and likely to perform well. >> /Font << The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /ExtGState << /Resources << << >> /TT0 120 0 R /Dest [108 0 R /XYZ 0 697 null] >> /Type /Page >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] I agree with that. By 3 August 1944 the . /Font << /Contents 256 0 R /GS0 125 0 R