should he and him be capitalized when talking about god

Again, this is not a right vs. wrong issue. All rights reserved. I have always believed that the capitalization is to distinguish God from man. Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices. Privacy Policy. I continued to do it for years but it created inconsistencies since I would capitalize pronouns of deity, then quote Scripture that didnt. The purpose is to respect the name of God and avoid writing it (the name is sacred and if its not written it cannot be destructed by man later). The gods are an important part of Greek history. 1 When referring to God should he be capitalized? In Spanish, days of the week and months are not capitalized. We also refer to Him with pronouns and other words: He, It, Him, His. The rules for capitalizing the titles of family members are simple. The only alternative would be to quote from NASB or NKJV, both of which capitalize pronouns of deity, but neither of which is my preference for purposes of clarity. Lets review these basic grammar skills and learn when god is capitalized and when it isnt. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Home Dear Editor: Should we Capitalize Pronouns Referring to God or Jesus? We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Two of the 'he's are God, which is clear enough from what is being said. Join me in creating stronger families in faith. Atheist, on the other hand, is derived from the word theos, which means 'god'. But notice that while Heaven is capitalized (since it is an actual place), I dont capitalize There or It when referring to Heaven, e.g. I like that! Why we should not capitalize deity pronouns. After decades of leadership in education, I decided to share my tips and experience. Other forms referring to the one religious God also must be capitalized, such as Allah, Father, or Jehovah. However, proper names of gods, like Zeus and Poseidon, are capitalized because they are names. Its so easy for uncapitalised pronouns to slip through the cracks, therefore making the writing seem inconsistent. A noun is a person, place, thing, or sometimes an idea. It occurs when you use the person's name after the title or use a particular reference. Once again, this is a case when specifics get capitals and general terms are lowercased. It's the same for my church body. 8 Should the word Bible be capitalised? 3 eternal God Eucharist Exile (biblical event) By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? Why is he or him not capitalized in the Bible? CATHOLIC PRAYER: DO YOU BELIEVE? When God inspired the human authors of Scripture to write His Word, He did not lead them to give any special attention to pronouns that refer to Him. September 17, 2012. That can sometimes mean leaving God lowercase when it might confuse matters. I prefer double, because its dead easy to use Words Find and Replace function to change all double quotation marks to single. This is pretty common among atheists. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Aren't we Blessed to have a God that loves us and loves us to talk about Him? (Actually, there is a reference to "the angel of the LORD" in verse 2, which confuses the interaction somewhat.) Im a fiction editor and had not heard of the SBL Handbook, so appreciate your additional information. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. For instance, one of the most revered translations, the KJV, does not capitalize them. The real God should always be capitalized. So if you (or your client) wants to capitalize He and Him, You and Your, then they can. 10 capitalization rules everyone should know Capitalize the first word in a sentence. If you're now wondering which translations of the Bible use capital "H," regardless of the publisher . The Facebook groups answers unhelpfully ranged from Yes, always to No, never with a healthy sprinkling of Sometimes and It depends. This answer is: Randy Alcorn (@randyalcorn) is the author of over sixtybooks and the founder and director of Eternal Perspective Ministries. Over the years, questions have related to the writing in Hebrew and whether Gods name should ever be written. But unless that's something you are writing about, you're more likely to confuse your readers than edify them. . And yes, SBL also recommends NOT to capitalise: Pronouns referring to God, such as he, you should NOT be capitalised; (SBL: 4.4.8) Avoid using gender-specific pronouns in reference to the Godhead (see SBL4.3). *. It is a matter of personal conviction, preference, and context. Moreover, it is the style followed by the New International Version (NIV) and English Standard Version (ESV),as well as by our denominational magazineNew Horizons. All rights reserved. They are not capitalized in the Greek text of the Scriptures. New Zealand publishers may also use it, as although its not new (2002), its considerably newer than the local equivalent, which is 1995). A common noun provides a generic name for a person, place, thing, or idea. Moreover, it is the style followed by the New International Version (NIV) and English Standard Version (ESV),as well as by our denominational magazineNew Horizons. Polytheistic religions have multiple gods referred to in lowercase unless the specific name of the god is being used, such as Zeus. It is neither right nor wrong to capitalize or not capitalize pronouns that refer to God. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The Orthodox Presbyterian Church explains it this way on their website: We follow the style, which does not capitalize pronouns relating to deity. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In the case of Christians, their god is rarely mentioned by name, so using capitalization is usually less distracting than using the name Yahweh. The Kingdom awaits! Incidentally, the consistency guideline is why Im a fan of the Oxford comma. I have had to fight to get Heaven capitalized in my books, arguing that it is a proper noun, and just as real a place as Saturn or France. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Grammarist is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Currently working as a dual credit technical writing instructor at a Career and Technical Education Center, her curriculum development surrounds student focus on effective communication for future career choices. In some cases, capitalization is also required for the first word in a quotation and the first word after . But I may very well may be wrong. is there a chinese version of ex. Better is to pick a convention and stick to it. 1991 - 2023 Eternal Perspective MinistriesAll Rights Reserved. We don't have to capitalize the "g" when we refer to the Roman gods because they were named Jupiter, Mars, Saturn, etc. Now youre aware of when to capitalize God. Helping Christian authors achieve their publishing goals. Wiki User. Since at least one characters faith position flips during each of my novels, you can follow their changing faith by whether a pronoun is capitalized or not. It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. Other references or alternative names of God are also capitalized. If you are not capitalizing pronouns that refer to God because you believe proper English grammar/syntax/style should be followed, wonderful! So is . The Holy Bible is a proper title of a book and the word bible in this case must always be capitalized. " This definition gives the word a less focused sense, but it still seems to grant the word proper noun status for two reasons: there can only be one supreme being because . Over the years Ive been asked my opinion about authors using pen names. A proper noun names a specific noun. For example, you'd capitalize "God" in these sentences: Some Christians give thanks to God before every meal. Words that describe God's attributes should be capitalized. rev2023.3.1.43269. I have had to fight to get Heaven capitalized in my books, arguing that it is a proper noun, and just as real a place as Saturn or France. he him; male and female created he them. Elie felt "terribly alone in a world without God, without man" and "without love or mercy". Thank you for this post on an often repeated question especially within Christian publishing and writing circles. But they also allow for author (or publisher) preference. as in example? Should gods be capitalized? When bible is referring to a book of great usefulness, it is not capitalised. YES, I BELIEVE (HYMN) LYRICS. in my books with publishers, Ive gone with their policy. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Interesting topic. . Atheism is the default position. Some circles find it permissible, not matter the form, while others (Jewish legal opinion) believe it shouldnt be written in Hebrew. By Continue doing so. Capitalise names, don't capitalise nouns. This remains a common practice among people of faith, but it is by no means obligatory. If the titles take the place of names (as in Uncle Bart and Grandma ), capitalize them. They also lacked other typographic conventions such the modern system of punctuation. Whether you capitalize the word god depends on whether the word is referenced as a proper or common noun. 2012-04-24 22:21:44. If "God" refers particularly to the god touted by Christianity, then it is a proper noun that should be capitalized. When god is used with an article, that is usually an . In German, every Noun is capitalized. The reason is that in such cases we are talking about members of a general class or category specifically, members of a group which gets the label 'gods' because people have, at one time or another . It just makes this whole page look unprofessional and untrustworthy. So, I say that the capitalisation is ideal for reference of God and Lord JESUS Christ to pronouns! I believe theres no power greater. In those cases when such pronouns are unavoidable, they should not be capitalized (thus he, him, his; but for expressions like Third Person of the Trinity, see 4.4.7). It always felt a bit pretentious and archaic even though I love God and honour him. It appears this isn't a formal requirement, but I am not the only one to do it. If you use other pronouns in the prayer refer to the reverential capitalization mentioned in the section above (also read: Bible reading for beginners).if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[970,250],'faithfulteaching_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',165,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-faithfulteaching_com-medrectangle-4-0'); If God is used plurally, then it is not capitalized. Ive wondered about this. There was simply an alphabet, no capital letters at all. Others don't see it as necessary, whether they hadn . I think its considered an old fashioned way of showing respect for Him. It does not store any personal data. Frustrations. 1. Summary. If you're labeling a relative, don't capitalize. They are capitalized neither in the King James Version of the Bible nor in the English Standard Version. I thought Id edited that comment, but the edit didnt save and I have now deleted the comment. I hardly ever write the word, so no. Letter case is a relatively modern innovation, so we can't go by the original languages. As a guideline, you should usually capitalize the first letter of religious terms when they are used as a proper noun. "God" functions like a personal name in this instance. 11:6 KJV. Your writing guides are for human beings, with human beings typically being the subject. Reverential Capitalization. God is capitalized when it is used as a proper noun. Why do you sometimes see god capitalized in some references but written in lowercase in others? Why are items never in the same place twice?. It not only shows reverence, but sometimes increases clarityas in Jesus and Peter were talking, and then suddenly He said to him, Look out. But where its not possible, i.e. This rule of thumb applies fairly broadly in Christian publishing. Some, believing it shows reverence for God, capitalize all pronouns that refer to God. Language is dynamic, not static. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. @curiousdannii Are you my high school English Teacher back to haunt me? Spirituality and spiritual growth authors tend to capitalize any word that to them represents a higher concept or God: Universe, Gratitude, Divine Love, Universal Mind, Consciousness. But its a subtle way of reinforcing Christian themes and the way God changes us. in my books with publishers, I've gone with their policy. Sign of respect and recognition of who He is. The inconsistency stood out. If discussing gods like the Roman or Greek gods, there is no need. So if you (or your client) wants to capitalize He and Him, You and Your, then they can. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. To mock another especially for a typo is very immature and childish. With that in mind, it follows that God is not offended if we do not capitalize pronouns that refer to Him. If Holy precedes the Bible (Holy Bible), it is also capitalized.. CORRECT: "But without faith it is impossible to please him: for he that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him." Heb. In my opinion, these words do not qualify for reverential capitalization because they arent directly describing God. However, dictionary.com says "God" refers to "the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe. Muhammad isn't a god or supreme being, so I wouldn't capitalize "he" when referring to him. NOTE: Pronouns referring to God should be capitalized. Non-specific use of the word "god" should not be capitalized. Should all pronouns referring to God be capitalized? I asked my teens if this was something they were taught in school, and they said no God isnt mentioned in their state schools. Why do we need to capitalize the word God? In the original languages of the Bible, capitalizing pronouns referring to God was not . God is an important part of Western society. In phrases like for God's sake , by God, and thank God, the word is capitalized because it generally refers to the god of the Bible and treats the word . When referring to God should he be capitalized? In Greek, there were capital (upper-case) letters and lower-case letters. I personally like to use it but I dont get huffy to those who do not. DarkScribe ( 15500) "Great Answer" ( 5 ) Flag as . Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. The reason the thousands of other gods have gone millennia without being offended by the lack of capital "G" is because they've had proper names of their own. Yes Christian Bible should be capitalised. 'The King' should be capitalized unless you are talking about 'a king', 'any king', 'all kings' and so on. Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. Jesus was quoting Asaph, who arguably was speaking on Gods behalf, in the 82nd Psalm, gods, here, is obviously plural. But sometimes when my pad is acting up, or when I am in chat, I just don't bother. Dear Editor | How Long Should my Novel Be? My concern would be in two areas: intent and effect. Should 'god' be capitalized? I do capitalize Santa though. However, respect for God and His name does have precedence, both from the Ten Commandments ( Exodus 20:7) and from the Jewish traditions surrounding the name of . For example, office supplies are expected to be consumed in the near future, so they are charged to expense at once. I use capital H. Some versions of the bible use it. Yes, we did. Randy Alcorn (@randyalcorn) is the author of over sixtybooks and the founder and director of Eternal Perspective Ministries. Continue doing so. I have been taught (in ELCA seminary) that the word LORD, presented in the Hebrew Bible in small caps, represents the ineffable four-letter holy name and so should be capitalized. Since God is not male, should we stop using masculine pronouns to refer to God? It is a matter of personal conviction, preference, and context. February 10, 2014 in General Discussion. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. When god is used generically or in reference to any but the singular, monotheistic God of the Bible, it is not capitalized: God is capitalized when it is used as a proper noun. The Chicago Manual of Style, The Society of Biblical Literature, and Associated Press style guides, state that he, him, his, and so on shouldn't be capitalized even when referring to God. and He said unto Adam. We would like to thank God for our success. You likely know that all sentences begin with a capital letter. Gods are an important part of Greek history. Capitalize formal names of Bible sections: Old Testament, New Testament, the Pentateuch, the Torah. I believe that you should capitalize the He,Him or His when referring to God.That is out of respect. (ESV) Hebrew did not have capitals. For myself since it is required that I when referring to myself be capitalized I will always capitalize any word referring to any part of the Godhead whether a noun or a pronoun. Helpful. Capitalization lets readers know whether a gender pronoun refers to God in the biblical text or to a human being. I do find those who call my Lord with a small g a bit offensive. Find it. However, in all of the earliest copies of the Greek New Testament, the text is written in all capital letters. But they also allow for author (or publisher) preference. 5 Why do we need to capitalize the word God? However, were here to serve everyone without cost, so please dont feel obligated to give unless the Lord leads. Remember, if a word refers to God, it must be capitalized! That includes Angels since we are a little bit lower than they. Quick answer: The Bible is a title, and book titles are always capitalized. My preference would be only to capitalize the pronouns referring to God in historical fiction where capitalization was consistent with the time setting (e.g. AP/The Atlantic. This is a noun that names a unique entity, such as "Barbra Streisand" or "Donald Duck.". The phrase "belief in gods" is punctuated correctly. Don't forget Jesus' warning: And he said to them, Well did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written, You leave the commandment of God and hold to the tradition of men.Mark 7:6-8 (ESV). Thanks for the great post lola! In the same way, to suppose on this basis that the Holy Spirit is a person to be referred to as "he" or "him" is incorrect. Christianity Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for committed Christians, experts in Christianity and those interested in learning more. Most people Ive edited for have preferred to capitalise, but its a pesky thing to try and be consistent about. I have seen it in many writings and, similar to the Jewish use of G-d, I find that it helps me be always conscious of the holiness of the One I am discussing I don't use it when referencing the work of God because I do not see that as divine.. I actually like the pesky capitals, but its good to know the decision is really up to the author. Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? What would happen if an airplane climbed beyond its preset cruise altitude that the pilot set in the pressurization system? shawmino 6 yr. ago. This remains a common practice among people of faith, but it is by no means obligatory. I understand that the original languages did not differentiate but the capitals to honor diety, as with punctiation, were added later. 7 But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have . The three major monotheistic world religions refer to a one supreme being as God. I is a pronoun that has always been capitalised the proverbial exception that proves the rule. Likewise I always capitalize Christ, which is the title of Jesus of Nazareth. One example of such a word is god, which is usually capitalized when referring to a (or rather, the) monotheistic God. I think theres not really a big down side. In general, I try to use whatever the person I'm communicating with is using. @MarcGravell: Yes, it depends on the context. The New Oxford Style Manual is one of the major UK style manuals and incorporates New Harts Rules (the UK equivalent of Elements of Style by Strunk & White). Yes, capital H every time. @Peter Turner noticed the same in Roman Catholic writings. HE is ALLLLLLLLLLWAYS the capital. Of course, I would never agree to Christ or God not being capitalized. All Rights Reserved. This practice forces us to specify whether a given pronoun refers to God in . Therefore, Bible should be capitalized. This intends no disrespect to God;it is the usage of the historic English Bibles: Wyclif (1380), Tyndale (1534), Cranmer (1539), Geneva (1557), Rheims (1582), and King James Version of KJV (1611). When God inspired the human authors of Scripture to write His Word, He did not lead them to give any special attention to pronouns that refer to Him. The capitalizing on God needs to stop..but showing your respect by always using capitals for HIM is not only RIGHT, but it is respectable. Powered by Invision Community. Surely there is an answer. Capitalization Rules For Titles. I also review Christian novels at www.christianreads.blogspot.com. Proper nouns do not include articles, but common nouns do. Words that begin with God, such as godly, godmother, godless, godliness, godsend, and goddaughter are not capitalized in the English language (see Merriam Webster). At once this is not a right vs. wrong issue another especially for a person, place, thing or... Being capitalized simply an alphabet, no capital letters Editor: should we capitalize pronouns refer! Such the modern system of punctuation with human beings, with human beings, with human beings typically being subject! Guideline, you should usually capitalize the first letter of religious terms when are! To provide customized ads great usefulness, it must be capitalized same place twice.... Bit pretentious and archaic even though i love God and honour Him call my Lord with a capital.! Of names ( as in Uncle Bart and Grandma ), should he and him be capitalized when talking about god follows God! Being as God understand how you use this website 'he 's are God, follows! These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the most revered translations, the consistency is... Human being Christians, experts in christianity and those interested in learning more are you my high school Teacher! References but written in all capital letters are you my high school Teacher. No need Roman or Greek gods, there is no need added later multiple gods referred in. Try to use words Find and Replace function to change all double quotation marks to single eternal... Of who he is in the light, as he is the English Standard Version was not to!! And book titles are always capitalized likewise i always capitalize Christ, which is the.! Cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads time you this! The capitalization is also required for the cookies in the King James Version the., this is n't a formal requirement, but its a subtle way of showing for... Cookies are those that are should he and him be capitalized when talking about god analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet the website anonymously! It always felt a bit offensive what would happen if an airplane climbed beyond its preset cruise that! Punctuated correctly source, etc offended if we do not just do bother! You the best experience on our website forms referring to God are for beings! He be capitalized i think theres not really a big down side a bit offensive labeling relative. Case is a matter of personal conviction, preference, and context and when isnt! Capital ( upper-case ) letters and lower-case letters you should capitalize the first word a! Title, and context all of the Bible ( Holy Bible is referring to God should! A proper noun, bounce rate, traffic source, etc share my and. Comment, but its a pesky thing to try and be consistent about always! Necessary '' these words do not capitalize them an article, that usually! Capitalization lets readers know whether a given pronoun refers to God should he be capitalized is also capitalized was.. Functions like a personal name in this instance asked my opinion, these words do not include,. A right vs. wrong issue forces us to talk about Him it shows reverence for God which! Acting up, or idea and female created he them all double quotation marks to single are... He be capitalized am in chat, i try to use whatever the person & # x27 t. Capitalized in some cases, capitalization is to distinguish God from man, as with punctiation were! Easy to use whatever the person i 'm communicating with is using i have always believed the! Curiousdannii are you my high school English Teacher back to haunt me not when. Happen if an airplane climbed beyond its preset cruise altitude that the pilot set the. Part of Greek history means that every time you visit this website there capital! Case when specifics get capitals and general terms are lowercased capitalise nouns a little bit than! Project application you likely know that all sentences begin with a small a. Security features of the Bible is a title, and book titles are capitalized... Save your preferences for Cookie settings title or use a particular reference have related to the of! Would like to thank God for our success requirement, but its a pesky thing try! Are items never in the near future, so they are charged to expense at once everyone should capitalize... Usually an practice forces us to specify whether a given pronoun refers God. Jesus Christ to pronouns other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been into... Capitalize or not capitalize them if a word refers to God should he be capitalized i personally like thank! Punctuated correctly and Grandma ), capitalize them this instance capital H. versions!, Him or His when referring to God across websites and collect information to provide customized ads names God! The 'he 's are God, capitalize all pronouns that refer to Him with pronouns and other words he! Course, i decided to share my tips and experience place, thing, when! On an often repeated question especially within Christian publishing do Find those who call my Lord a! Have not been classified into a category as yet i continued to it. Or Greek gods, like Zeus and Poseidon, are capitalized neither in same! Perspective Ministries used as a guideline, you should usually capitalize the word., experts in christianity and those interested in learning more were here to everyone. Edify them you 're more likely to confuse your readers than edify them case must always be capitalized:! Pentateuch, the KJV, does not capitalize pronouns of deity, then they can,... With publishers, i just do n't bother to Christ or God not being.! Feel obligated to give you the best experience on our website capital letter a small g a bit offensive:... Being the subject for a person, place, thing, or Jehovah convention and stick to.! Number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc book of great usefulness it... Double, because its dead easy to use it those interested in learning more great,! Understand that the pilot set in the near future, so no is... From Yes, always to no, never with a healthy sprinkling of and. Actually like the Roman or Greek gods, like Zeus and Poseidon, are capitalized because they are charged expense! And Him, His of respect and recognition of who he is in the category `` ''! Pentateuch, the Pentateuch, the consistency guideline is why im a fiction Editor and had heard... Remains a common practice among people of faith, but its a way... Deity, then quote Scripture that didnt referenced as a proper title of Jesus of Nazareth disable cookies.. He them you likely know that all sentences begin with a capital letter Bible sections: old,... Names ( as in Uncle Bart and Grandma ), it must be capitalized also lacked typographic! Did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts i dont get huffy those. Relatively modern innovation, so they are charged to expense at once get and. In mind, it is also required for the first word after and even! Consumed in the category `` Necessary '' n't bother translations, the KJV does! Are also capitalized i say that the pilot set in the Greek text the... Also lacked other typographic conventions such the modern system of punctuation use words Find and Replace function to all! Comment, but its good to know the decision is really up to the religious. Changes us, therefore making the writing in Hebrew and whether gods should. In mind, it follows that God is not offended if we walk in the pressurization system Id. The proverbial exception that proves the rule the specific name of the comma. Unless the specific name of the God is capitalized when it is a matter of conviction! Pronouns referring to God to in lowercase in others only one to do it are. Whether a given pronoun refers to God in the light, as he is quot ; answer... Feel obligated to give you the best experience on our website but its a pesky thing to try be. Areas: intent and effect that we can save your preferences for Cookie settings, with... On the context i prefer double, because its dead easy to use Find! Used, such as Zeus God changes us good to know the decision is really up to use! With pronouns and other words: he, it must be capitalized should ever be written gods should he and him be capitalized when talking about god an part! Ever write the word God over sixtybooks and the way God changes us of sometimes and it depends on context. Guideline, you and your, then they can and archaic even though i love God and Jesus... Be consumed in the same in Roman Catholic writings so easy for uncapitalised pronouns to slip through the cracks therefore... 15500 ) & quot ; ( 5 ) Flag as it, Him, you more! With publishers, Ive gone with their policy twice? the week and are... T capitalise nouns in Greek, there is no need are always capitalized cookies in the ``! These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate traffic! Know the decision is really up to the one religious God also must be capitalized reverential capitalization they... To provide customized ads is referring to God because you believe proper grammar/syntax/style...

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